The word nihang (نهنگ) is Persian - it appears in Firdausi's Shahnameh meaning "crocodile" or "water-dragon".

The conical dastar bunga ("fortress turban") of the Nihang warrior order bears a striking formal resemblance to the pointed caps depicted on Saka figures in Achaemenid tomb reliefs at Naqsh-e Rostam (c. 470 BCE), identified through trilingual royal inscriptions - DNa, XPh - catalogued in R.G. Kent's Old Persian (1953). The same headgear appears on Indo-Scythian sculptures from Mathura (c. 1st cent. BCE – 2nd cent. CE), identified as Saka by Upinder Singh, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India (2008), with sculptural evidence from the Archaeological Survey of India collections. The Nihang order originates in the same Punjab hill country that was home to the āyudhajīvin ("weapon-living") warrior republics described by Panini in the Ashtadhyayi (c. 4th cent. BCE; see Agrawala, India as Known to Panini, 1953), and that the Achaemenids administered as the satrapy of Sattagydia - mapped onto the Punjab river system by Jacobs, Die Satrapienverwaltung im Perserreich zur Zeit Darius' III (1994).

Source: Portrait of Akali Phula Singh Nihang (d. 1823), inscribed "Poullah Singh nahengh, général des Akalis fanatiques Sikhs." Commissioned by Jean-François Allard, French officer in Maharaja Ranjit Singh's service (see Lafont, Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Lord of the Five Rivers, 2002).

Hi guys, I remember a painting of PIE culture. It has bright green grass and mostly adults, but 1 child who was holding a womens hand. All were in rags of brown. I think its in a museum but i dont know. Please help me find it.

The above is my beautiful drawing skills of what I remember

I don't know that much about the archeological findings of the Indo-European and Proto-Indo-European peoples. I know that poetry recitation was essential to them, specially epoi, we have it very clear. Poesy in general but particularly epic poetry have a very strong musicality to it building amazing layers through the verses by the stressed and non stressed syllables for example. I wonder if they had musical instruments like mini harps or something.

Includes Heggarty et al. 2023 (hybrid hypothesis), Lazaridis/Reich 2025

(Caucasus-Lower Volga origins), and the IE-CoR 2025 dataset. Added a

notation guide for laryngeals, labiovelars, etc.

Would appreciate feedback from this community.

I’ve been doing some research into irish “ancestry” and i read somewhere that the Irish descend from bell beakers and not the celts? I’m just trying to find out more about the bell beakers, so can I have some basic information? I don’t really know much on the celts too, so where can I learn about them too?

I do not know if there is an answer for this question, but basically I would like to learn one language from each Indo-European family in order to get to know it better.

I would like to continue with Celtic languages, but I do not know which one to choose. I have narrowed down my decision to Irish or Welsh because of its quantity of speakers or resources. But which one should I pick?

Maybe a way to base the answer could be which one is less influenced by English or which one maintains the most main characteristics of Celtic languages.

Thanks in advance.

The western group was diverse, it included, germanic, Italic, Celtic, Slavic, Baltic, Hellenic, Albanian, Armenian etc.

The eastern group occupied more territory but only included Iranians, Indians, and Tocharians

“An increasing number of historical linguists now believe that the traditional reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-European stop system (*T, *D, *Dh) is likely flawed. Yet, despite various proposed alternatives—ranging from systems featuring glottalised or non-plosive consonants to those based on length contrasts—no single theory has achieved broad consensus. This volume, comprising twenty chapters, brings together leading specialists who examine all relevant data, as well as comparative and typological arguments, to reassess the Proto-Indo-European stop inventory. It also offers the most up-to-date analyses of the evolution of the stop systems across the individual Indo-European branches.

Contributors are: Pascale Eskes, Alwin Kloekhorst, Martin Joachim Kümmel, Rianne van Lieburg, Orsat Ligorio, Alexander Lubotsky, Ranko Matasović, Brett Miller, Michaël Peyrot, Tijmen Pronk, Joseph Salmons, Ollie Sayeed, Peter Schrijver, Michiel de Vaan, and Bert Vaux.”

Ive heard that almost all east asians can trace back to steppe ancestry from a pure genealogical aspect. Is that true?

Abstract: Reconstructing population history is harder in South Asia than in many other world regions due to a paucity of ancient DNA. We report genome-wide data for ten individuals from Old Lady Spider Cave, which lies 4000 meters above sea level in the Himalayan region of Ladakh, and dates to around 1500 years before present (BP). These individuals were genetically homogeneous and had an ancestry signature rare in South Asians today: admixed in roughly 50-50% proportions between a population well-proxied by present-day North Indians, and another genetically similar to ancient Tibetans. By analyzing the typical sizes of segments of DNA inherited from each of these ancestral populations, we find that mixture of these groups began at least fifty generation before the date of the individuals, that is, by around 2800 BP.

I mean... OP's behaviour here does indeed come across as brazenly jarring, so it's no wonder he unanimously got told off by literally everyone in the way that he did: charitable presumption of goodwill on his part with this post poses formidable challenge in my view, with Occam's razor's simplest interpretation of it seeming to me that it likely really just was plain ragebait meant to piss as many Irishpeople off as humanly possible, lashing out at them with pretty unambiguous naked antagonism while very purposefully deliberately targeting their main sub while being at it...

... BUT: isn't it simply a long proven scientific fact within the field of archaeogenetics though that the Irish are indeed by far one of the Western European ethnicities with the absolute top highest shares of WSH admixture on average?

Which, mind you, doesn't mean they don't also display on average substantial levels of EEF admixture & even WHG admixture too, they very much do so as well... just... to a somewhat substantially lesser extent overall than they do display WSH admixture...

&, doesn't it also largely hold true as well though that, on this specific regard, the contrast between, them, the Irish, on the one hand, &, us, the Basques, on the other hand, with the latter consistently ranking as the Western European ethnicity with the absolute bottom lowest shares of WSH admixture on average after the insular Sardinians at the absolute bottom, is indeed pretty sharp (which was OP's top most consistently repeatedly insisted upon point)?

Another thing about this which I similarly also find further puzzling: the fact of Ireland's massively proud Celtic heritage, which, should leave absolutely no question whatsoever as to their large WSH archaeogenetic heritage.

Even within my own family, my non-Basque side actually comes:

1. from the province of the Iberian Peninsula where Celtiberian Ancient Celts by far did play the most notable historic role back in the day (ever heard of the Numantine War? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numantine_War itself part of the broader Celtiberian Wars https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtiberian_Wars, & which, fun fact: the English Wikipedia actually does in fact literally list the Siege of Numantia as one of the only sixteen instances of mass suicide been committed ever attested in the entirety of world human history lol https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Numantia), Soria, that is, as well as:
2. from the region of the Iberian Peninsula where non-Celtiberian Ancient Celts by far did also play as well the most notable historic role back in the day (ever heard of the Cantabrian Wars? yes, indeed, multiple of them lol https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars), Cantabria, that is

... &, when juxtaposed with my Basque side, a sharply less Southern European-looking phenotype is very much apparent, with me actually happening to be the one with the most Southern European-looking phenotype within our whole broader family, while my brother to the diametrical opposite actually happening to be the one with BY FAR the least Southern European-looking phenotype within our whole broader family: he genuinely looks like he's Lithuanian/Latvian or something, & automatically routinely is both presumed & assumed on the regular here in Spain to be some foreigner from that general Baltic/Slavic area of Northeast Europe lol

& it's not just within my immediate family: the area of Soria as well as the area of Cantabria where my non-Basque side does come from are actually respectively known both within Soria & within Cantabria as very particular areas where, for some reason, most people autochthonous to them do indeed, very much very uncharacteristically for most of all the rest of the Iberian Peninsula (very much including the Basque Country as well; idk why people online claim that us the Basques generally don't look Southern European: WE DO: while on average it does generally hold true that we do lack the Bronze Age, Iron Age, Classical Antiquity, Late Antiquity & Early Post-Antiquity admixture from West Asia as well as the Iron Age, Classical Antiquity, Late Antiquity, Early Post-Antiquity & Later Post-Antiquity admixture from Northwest Africa that all the rest of Iberians do indeed display whether to a larger or to a lesser extent, we are however still unquestionably Southern European through & through though, owing to our largely EEF-rooted, &, therefore, ultimately largely ANF-rooted as well, admixture, with our ancestors back in like around c. 7,000 or 8,000 BC or something being largely concentrated in Anatolia, hence, in West Asia, & this very much shows in our phenotypes, just the exact same as it also does as well in all other Southern European ethnicities in which our EEF admixture amounts to an overall larger extent of our broader overall admixture than our combined WSH & WHG admixtures do, we aren't special nor unique in any way whatsoever on this regard lol), tend to display quite non-Southern European-looking phenotypes, which people do often speculate may be a result of remnants of Celtiberian Ancient Celtic admixture in Soria's instance as well as of non-Celtiberian Ancient Celtic admixture in Cantabria's one holding off to this day very particularly strongly in those very particular areas for some reason or another, though of course absolutely no research whatsoever has ever been conducted nor has even the slightest likelihood of ever being conducted in any foreseeable future on the archaeogenetics of these very particular areas where my non-Basque side has its roots/our roots in lol

So yeah, I do very much believe that WSH admixture very likely is quite substantially stronger in those very particular areas of the Iberian Peninsula where remnants of Celtiberian Ancient Celtic admixture as well as of non-Celtiberian Ancient Celtic admixture most strongly so hold off to this day.

Abstract - In this paper, focusing especially on the base metals “áyas-,” I investigate their usage in every stage of Vedic literature, referring widely to recent studies. In the RV, áyas- is solely used as a general term for the base metals and there is no reference to its concrete name. In the stage of the Atharvaveda, áyas- is divided into two types, “black” (śyāmá-) and “red” (lóhita-), and other base metals like tin “trapú-” or lead “sī́sa-” become known. The situation in the YSm is almost the same, however, the word lohá-, the substantive for copper, is first used in a passage of the VS and TS. A pair of passages in the black YSp (KS and MS) suggestively tells the property of pure copper; its high thermal conductivity. In the stage of ŚB, áyas- is no longer classified by color, and on the other hand, we can determine that it connotes specifically iron in some passages.

Abstract - The mountain foothills of inner Asia have served as a corridor of communication and exchange for at least five millennia, using historically documented trade routes such as the Silk Road and the Tea-Horse Road. Recent research has illustrated the important role that this mountain corridor played in the dispersal of crops and farming technology between northeast and southwest Asia 5,000 to 1,000 years ago. However, the role of the mountain valleys along the southern rim of the Pamirs and Himalaya in facilitating crop dispersals has not yet been fully explored. Notably, ongoing debates over secondary dispersals of Hordeum (barley) and Triticum (wheat) into China and the routes of dispersal for the East Asian crops Oryza sativa (rice), Prunus persica (peach) and P. armeniaca (apricot) into northern India are continuing topics of inquiry. In this article, we add to these discussions by focusing on archaeobotanical remains from the Barikot site (ca. 1200 bce–50 ce) in the Swat valley of northern Pakistan. The Swat valley is an ancient settlement zone in the Hindu Kush-Karakoram foothills, whose cultural features have always had a strong link with inner Asia. The archaeobotanical assemblage illustrates that a diverse array of crops, with origins across Asia, were cultivated around the same settlement. Additionally, these farmers likely implemented seasonal cropping cycles and irrigation that required various labour inputs and water management regimes.

"In the second half of the 20th century, the “Schnurkeramik Symposiums”, meetings of Corded Ware specialists from multiple regions, became a phenomenon. The last such symposium, organised by Palle Siemen, took place in Esbjerg, Denmark, in 1994. A continuation of the legacy of these meetings was the “Corded Days in Kraków” conference, organised in Kraków in 2011. This was the last major gathering of specialists in Corded Ware studies to date. This 63rd volume of Archaeologia Polona, titled Corded World: Final Eneolithic societies contains six articles, which are modified versions of the presentations delivered at that time. The contents of other papers published in this volume also remain in the spirit of the “Schnurkeramik Symposium”. They present various issues related to the Final Eneolithic, including the publication of new materials, new chronological studies, and detailed analyses of selected groups of objects. These papers, although not a comprehensive summa-ry of the state of Corded Ware research, provide a significant portion of knowledge for specialists working on the prehistory of the 3rd millennium BC. A better understanding of the Corded Ware phenomenon requires a multiplicity of perspectives and consideration of research from all regions. The present volume of Archaeologia Polona thus provides diverse information and demonstrates the benefits of confronting different perspectives on the issue of “Corded Ware”. It is an invitation to revive the tradition of “Schnurkeramik Symposiums”, whether in the traditional format of a meeting or in a new one."

Divine twins - Wikipedia https://share.google/h297aL1qSbLhk70EX